Standard Deviation Formulas

Deviation just means how far from the normal

Standard Deviation

The Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread
out numbers are .
You might like to read this childlike page on Standard Deviation first .
But hera we explain the formulas.

The symbol for Standard Deviation is σ ( the Greek letter sigma ) .
This is the formula for Standard Deviation :

Say what? Please explain !
OK. Let us explain it step by step .
Say we have a crowd of numbers like 9, 2, 5, 4, 12, 7, 8, 11 .
To calculate the standard deviation of those numbers :

• 1. Work out the Mean (the simple average
  of the numbers)
• 2. Then for each number: subtract the Mean and square the result
• 3. Then work out the mean of those squared differences.
• 4. Take the square root of that and we are done!

The recipe actually says all of that, and I will show you how .

The Formula Explained

first base, let us have some case values to work on :

Example: Sam has 20 Rose Bushes.

The number of flowers on each pubic hair is
9, 2, 5, 4, 12, 7, 8, 11, 9, 3, 7, 4, 12, 5, 4, 10, 9, 6, 9, 4
ferment out the Standard Deviation .

 

Step 1. Work out the mean

In the formula above μ ( the greek letter “ mu ” ) is the entail of all our values …

Example: 9, 2, 5, 4, 12, 7, 8, 11, 9, 3, 7, 4, 12, 5, 4, 10, 9, 6, 9, 4

The mean is :
9+2+5+4+12+7+8+11+9+3+7+4+12+5+4+10+9+6+9+4 20
= 140 20 = 7
And so μ = 7

Step 2. Then for each number: subtract the Mean and square the result

This is the part of the formula that says :

so what is xi ? They are the individual ten values 9, 2, 5, 4, 12, 7, etc …
In other words x1 = 9, x2 = 2, x3 = 5, etc .
So it says “ for each rate, subtract the mean and square the consequence ”, like this

Example (continued):

( 9 – 7 ) 2 = ( 2 ) 2 = 4
( 2 – 7 ) 2 = ( -5 ) 2 = 25
( 5 – 7 ) 2 = ( -2 ) 2 = 4
( 4 – 7 ) 2 = ( -3 ) 2 = 9
( 12 – 7 ) 2 = ( 5 ) 2 = 25
( 7 – 7 ) 2 = ( 0 ) 2 = 0
( 8 – 7 ) 2 = ( 1 ) 2 = 1
… etc …
And we get these results :
4, 25, 4, 9, 25, 0, 1, 16, 4, 16, 0, 9, 25, 4, 9, 9, 4, 1, 4, 9

Step 3. Then work out the mean of those squared differences.

To work out the mean, add up all the values then divide by how many .
first add up all the values from the former mistreat .
But how do we say “ add them all up ” in mathematics ? We use “ Sigma ” : Σ
The handy Sigma Notation says to sum up arsenic many terms as we want :

Sigma Notation
We want to add up all the values from 1 to N, where N=20 in our case because there are 20 values :

Example (continued):

Which means : Sum all values from ( x1-7 ) 2 to ( xN-7 ) 2

We already calculated ( x1-7 ) 2=4 etc. in the former step, so equitable sum them up :
= 4+25+4+9+25+0+1+16+4+16+0+9+25+4+9+9+4+1+4+9 = 178
But that is n’t the think of even, we need to divide by how many, which is done by multiplying by 1/N ( the same as separate by N ) :

Example (continued):

Mean of feather differences = ( 1/20 ) × 178 = 8.9
( note : this value is called the “ Variance ” )

Step 4. Take the square root of that:

Example (concluded):

σ = √ ( 8.9 ) = 2.983…
do !

Sample Standard Deviation

But wait, there is more …
… sometimes our data is alone a sample of the wholly population .

Example: Sam has 20 rose bushes, but only counted the flowers on 6 of them!

The “ population ” is all 20 rose bushes ,
and the “ sample distribution ” is the 6 bushes that Sam counted the flowers of .
Let us say Sam ‘s bloom counts are :
9, 2, 5, 4, 12, 7
We can silent estimate the Standard Deviation .
But when we use the sample as an estimate of the whole population, the Standard Deviation formula changes to this :
The formula for Sample Standard Deviation :

The authoritative switch is “N-1” instead of “N” ( which is called “ Bessel ‘s correction ” ) .
The symbols besides change to reflect that we are working on a sample rather of the solid population :

• The mean is now ten (called “x-bar”) for sample mean, instead of μ for the population mean,
• And the answer is s (for sample standard deviation) instead of σ.

But they do not affect the calculations. Only N-1 instead of N changes the calculations.

OK, let us now use the Sample Standard Deviation :

Step 1. Work out the mean

Example 2: Using sampled values 9, 2, 5, 4, 12, 7

The mean is ( 9+2+5+4+12+7 ) / 6 = 39/6 = 6.5
so :
ten = 6.5

Step 2. Then for each number: subtract the Mean and square the result

Example 2 (continued):

( 9 – 6.5 ) 2 = ( 2.5 ) 2 = 6.25
( 2 – 6.5 ) 2 = ( -4.5 ) 2 = 20.25
( 5 – 6.5 ) 2 = ( -1.5 ) 2 = 2.25
( 4 – 6.5 ) 2 = ( -2.5 ) 2 = 6.25
( 12 – 6.5 ) 2 = ( 5.5 ) 2 = 30.25
( 7 – 6.5 ) 2 = ( 0.5 ) 2 = 0.25

Step 3. Then work out the mean of those squared differences.

To work out the base, add up all the values then divide by how many .
But hang on … we are calculating the Sample Standard Deviation, then rather of dividing by how many ( N ), we will divide by N-1

Example 2 (continued):

Sum = 6.25 + 20.25 + 2.25 + 6.25 + 30.25 + 0.25 = 65.5
Divide by N-1 : ( 1/5 ) × 65.5 = 13.1
( This value is called the “ sample distribution Variance ” )

Step 4. Take the square root of that:

Example 2 (concluded):

second = √ ( 13.1 ) = 3.619…
perform !

Comparing

Using the wholly population we got : Mean = 7, Standard Deviation = 2.983…
Using the sample we got : sample distribution Mean = 6.5, Sample Standard Deviation = 3.619…
Our sample distribution Mean was incorrectly by 7 %, and our sample Standard Deviation was ill-timed by 21 % .

Why Take a Sample?

by and large because it is easier and cheaper .
Imagine you want to know what the whole nation thinks … you ca n’t ask millions of people, so rather you ask possibly 1,000 people .
There is a nice quote ( possibly by Samuel Johnson ) :
“You don’t have to eat the whole animal to know that the meat is tough.” 
This is the essential theme of sampling. To find out information about the population ( such as hateful and standard deviation ), we do not need to look at all members of the population ; we only need a sample .
But when we take a sample, we lose some accuracy .
Have a play with this at Normal Distribution Simulator .

Summary

The Population Standard Deviation :
The Sample Standard Deviation:

699, 1472, 1473, 1474

reference : https://meopari.com
Category : How To