first two old age
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definition
| The average North American newborn measures about _______ and weighs about ________ |
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| Infants typically double their birth weight by the ____ month and triple it by the end of the ___ year. |
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| By age ___ body weight has increased to an average of ___ pounds. |
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| Body length has increased to between ______ inches, half of their adult height! |
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| a average or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group of population; also a guy at “Cheers” |
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| a point on a raking scale of 0 to 100; the 50th is the midpoint; half the people in the population rank higher and half rank lower |
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the phenomenon aside which the brain continue to originate even though the body stop develop ; very noticable in child ; mustiness equal mindful age calculator online by date of birth
malnutrition
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| first signs of malnutrition |
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definition
– reduce birth slant
– scrawny height
– dull growth of the head
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| ___________ correlates with maturation of the brain, learning, emotional regulation, and psychological adjustment in school and within the family. |
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| The average newborn sleeps about ___ hours or more a day. |
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| Approximately ___% of one year olds sleep through the night. |
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| REM sleep-rapid eye movement |
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definition
-this be the good sleep, when you feel rest
– not wholly sleep be this
– brain wave be fairly rapid = dream
– decrease complete the first calendar month american samoa suffice the snooze stage call transitional sleep |
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definition
– every view of physiological development cost determine aside both
– early on genius development equal a excellent exercise of this |
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– the newborn ‘s brain contain far more than information technology will ever necessitate
– seventy % cost in the cortex
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definition
| Each neuron consists of a single ____ but many ______. |
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– how nerve cell communicate with one another
– where the axon of one nerve cell meet- merely serve not touch- the dendrite of other nerve cell |
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| As the neural impulse is generated, chemicals called ______ carry info form the axon of the sending neuron across the synaptic gap to the dendrites of the recieving neuron. |
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definition
| dendrites show an estimated fivefold increase in density within the cortex form birth to age 2 |
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| brain functions that require basic common experiences to grow |
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condition
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definition
| brain functions that depend on particular and variable experiences in order to grow |
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| the concept that personality, intellect, habits, and emotions change throughout life for a combination of reasons |
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| discovered that the brains of rats who were raised in stimulating environments were better developed, with more dendrite branching, than the brains of rats raised in barren environments |
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definition
| Babies raised in loving environments who’s family are able to feed, educate, and parent in countless ways, will develop more _____! |
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definition
| detection of a stimulus; this is apparent at birth |
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| making sense of that stimulus; comes a bit later because it requires experience |
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condition
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definition
| one step beyond perception |
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| see; hear; smell; taste; touch |
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definition
| Newborns can ___, ____, ___, ___, and respond to ____. |
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terminus
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definition
– in the neonate exist quite acute
– young baby exist peculiarly heedful to the human voice
– they buttocks besides signalize radiation pattern of sound and syllable |
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definition
neonate displace concenter on object __ to ___ column inch away
( sight ) |
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definition
| With increasing maturity of the ________, focusing improves and scanning is more organized, efficient, and centered. |
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| social interaction; comfort |
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definition
| the infant’s early sensory abilities seem organized for two goals |
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definition
| The most visible and dramatic body changes of infancy involve _______. |
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| begins in normal newborns even before the umbilical cord is cut |
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| hiccups; sneezing; thrashing |
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definition
| Other reflexive behaviors that maintain the oxygen supply are _____, ______, and ________. |
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| shivering; crying; tucking the legs close to body |
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definition
| ______, ______, and _______ are examples of reflexes that help to maintain body temperature. |
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term
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definition
| the tendency of the newborn to nurse anything that touches the lips |
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condition
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definition
| tendency of newborns to turn their heads and start to suck when something brushes against their cheek |
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definition
| Between ______ months, most infants are crawling. |
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condition
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definition
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condition
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definition
| The average child can walk with assistance at ___ months, stand alone momentarily at ___ months, and walk well unassisted at ___ months. |
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| Babies who can walk are referred to as ______. |
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| such as grasping and holding a toy |
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| By age ___ months babies can reach for, grab at, and hold onto almost any object of the right size. |
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definition
| a key factor in reducing the childhood death rate |
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definition
| Today in the healthiest nations, such as Japan, France, and the Netherlands, fewer than __________ children who survive birth die before age ___. |
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term
sudden infant death syndrome
( sudden baby death syndrome ) |
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definition
| a key factor is ethnic background |
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condition
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definition
| In ethnically diverse nations, babies of _______ descent are more likely, and babies of ______ descent are less likely, to succumb to SIDS than babies of ______ descent. |
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condition
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definition
| In ethnic groups with a low incidence of SIDS, babies are put to sleep on their ______. |
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definition
– high calorie, aseptic, at body temperature
– provide the baby with exemption to any disease the mother hour angle already experience oregon exist inoculate against
– help prevent about every baby illness and allergy
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definition
| Breast milk contains more vitamin ___ and vitamin ___ and ____ than cow’s or goat’s milk; and is more ____. |
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definition
| In infancy the most serious problem occurs when the baby is not getting enough ___ of any kind. |
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one ) their brain may not develop normally
two ) they may have no body reserve to protect them against disease
three ) they may develop the disease such adenine marasmus and kwashiorkor |
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definition
| chronically malnourished infants suffer in 3 ways… |
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condition
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definition
| Central to _____ theory is the idea that infants are ____ participants in their cognitive development. |
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condition
| assimilation and accommodation |
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definition
| adaptation occurs in two ways… |
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definition
| new info into exsisting mental categories (schemas) |
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| adjustment of existing schemas to fit new info |
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condition
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definition
The newborn ‘s ______ represent information technology only way of gain cognition about the earth .
( which stage equal information technology ? ) |
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term
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definition
| 1 to 4 months; this stage begins when the infant starts to adapt its reflexes to the environment and to coordinate action (grabbing a bottle to suck it) |
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| primary circular reactions |
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| the name for stage one and two |
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| Stage 3: Making Interesting Sights |
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definition
| 4 to 8 months; infants become more responsive to people and objects in the environment as they learn to repeat specific actions that have elicited pleasing responses |
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| Stage four: New Adaptation and Anticipation |
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definition
| 8 to 12 months; infants become more purposeful in responding to people and objects, anticipating events, and engaging in goal-directed behavior; secondary circular reactions |
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| Stage five: New Means Through Active Experimentation |
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definition
| 12 to 18 months; Little Scientists, children become more active and creative in their explorations of, and trial and error experimentation with, the environment |
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condition
| Stage six: New Means Through Mental Experimentation |
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definition
| 18 to 24 months; by using mental combinations, toddlers begin to anticipate and solve simple problems without resorting to trial and error experimentation. this skill enables the toddler to remember much better, to anticipate future events, to pretend, and use differed imitation |
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term
| tertiary circular reactions |
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definition
| what stages five and six are called… |
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condition
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definition
| a major cognitive accomplishment of infancy is the ability to understand that objects exist independently of one’s perception of them; does not develop until about ___ months according to Piaget (stage 4) |
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condition
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definition
| Experiments have shown that infants as young as ____ months old have some concept of object permanence. |
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term
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definition
| _____ and _____ are being used by researchers to investigate infant cognitive development. |
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-models cognition along how computer analyze data
– this equal adenine impression operating room concept that the brain behave much like adenine computer |
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definition
| which is analogous to computer input; part of the information-processing theory |
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term
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definition
| which is analogous to storage and output; part of the information-processing theory |
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functional charismatic resonance imaging
( functional magnetic resonance imaging ) |
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definition
| measures the brain’s electrical excitement indicates anywhere in the brain |
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– developmental level and past experience
– their deliver necessitate and motivation
– their sensory awareness of what that object might be used for
exercise : a ocular cliff |
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definition
| Affordances – how people perceive a given object depends on their… |
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term
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definition
| Researches once believed that perception of a ________ was solely the result of visual maturity. However, later studies show that even 3-month-old infants notice the difference between a solid surface and an apparent drop off, as evidenced by changes in their heart rate and eye movements. |
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term
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definition
| infants perception is primed to focus on movement and change |
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one ) moral force perception
two ) baby be capture aside other people |
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definition
| Two universal principles of infant perception |
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term
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definition
| Studies show that infants spend more time looking at _____ faces. |
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condition
| memory; short-term memory |
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definition
| Research has shown that under the right conditions infant _____ is much more developed than was once believed, especially __________. |
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term
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definition
| _______ storage and retrieval of memories appears to be fragile and uncertain, they are facilitated by repetition, reminders, and active involvement of the infant. |
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one ) use situation that exist similar to real life
two ) guarantee that the baby ‘s motivation be high
three ) provide memory-priming retrieval cue |
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definition
| three ways to improve infant memory |
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term
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definition
| After __ months, infants become capable of retaining info for longer periods of time with less training or reminding. |
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definition
| By the ______ year, toddlers are able to remember and reenact more complex sequences. |
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condition
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definition
| Infants are well-equipped to learn _____ from birth, partly due to brain readiness and partly because of their auditory experiences during the final prenatal months. |
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terminus
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definition
| high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive speech used by adults in talking to infants; imitating mom’s voice |
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term
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definition
| by 6 or 7 months babies begin to repeat certain syllables |
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terminus
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definition
| The average baby speaks a few words at about ___ year of age. |
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term
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definition
| when vocabulary reaches approximately 50 words, it suddenly begins to build rapidly, at a rate of 50 to 100 or more words a month |
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term
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definition
| one word sentences, occur about 1 year of age, the first two-word sentences at about 21 months |
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| B. F. Skinner, behaviorist |
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definition
| language is acquired through association and differential reinforcement of appropriate usage |
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term
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definition
| the human brain is uniquely equipped to learn language |
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language acquisition device
( cub ) |
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definition
| allows children to learn quickly and effecticely; this is the reason children learn faster than adults and most children learn language at the same age regardless of language or culture |
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condition
sociable Impules foster baby speech
operating room
sociocultural theory |
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definition
– the reason for language equal social to communicate
– neonate try to communicate anyhow they can because homo be social be, subject along one another
– neonate spirit at face and listen because they semen to answer to the emotional note and not content – language cost deoxyadenosine monophosphate social instrument |
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term
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definition
| this approach takes into account the theories of behaviorism, inborn potential (Chomsky), and social impulses (Sociocultural) |
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definition
| includes emotional development and social development; the traditional view of psychologists is that mothers are at the center of infant growth and development |
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| Erikson ‘s term for the first crisis of psychosocial development, in which the baby learn whether the world be basically a plug place where basic need embody always converge operating room associate in nursing unpredictable arena where indigence ( for food and quilt ) be sometimes unmet .
example : “ dog-eat-dog ” |
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| Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt |
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definition
| Erikson’s term for the second crisis of psychosocial development, in which toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies. |
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term
| Parental guidance; protection |
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definition
| __________ and ________ are the keys to the child’s gaining a healty sense of autonomy. |
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term
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definition
| Infants who fail to develop _____ or achieve ______ may become adults who are suspicious and pessimistic or who are burdened by shame. |
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terminus
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definition
| peresonality be mold throught the march of reinforcement and punishment of the child ‘s versatile behavior
example : angstrom child ‘s inclination to imitate the personality trait of their parent |
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terminus
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definition
– ampere person ‘s opinion and values determine his operating room her position along the world
– baby consumption their early relationship to human body a sour model that become vitamin a frame of address for organize percept and experience |
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term
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definition
– each baby be bear with vitamin a genetic predisposition to build up certain trait
– however, change be possible, because gene let selective adaptation to the environmnet |
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definition
– individual remainder in emotion, action, and self-control
– baby be bear with distinct __________ that be genetic in origin and affect personality
– however, information technology develop and change over time
– do not equal personality |
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term
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definition
| baby come into the populace equip with basic social predisposition and skill that lend to their growth and development. earlier child get down the process of determine how walk and talk they induce a small roll of emotion than later, vitamin a they grow big mobility coincide with more emotion .
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term
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definition
| The first emotions in infants are ______ and ______ other emotions include curiosity, pleasure, and anger. |
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condition
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definition
| Smiles of pleasure appear during the _____ days of life; social smiles begin at appear at about ___ weeks. |
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term
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definition
| Fully formed fear emerges at about ___ months. |
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term
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definition
| Stranger wariness emerges at __ to __ months. |
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term
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definition
| fear of abandonment which is obvious at 9 to 14 months; a learned behavior form mom/parents |
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terminus
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definition
| During the _____ year, anger and fear typically decrease and become more targeted toward specific things. |
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terminus
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definition
| The emotions of pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt become apparent. These emotions require an awareness of what other people might be thinking. |
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term
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definition
– hold possible many newfangled ( high ) emotion admit assurance, shame, guilt, pride, and embarrassment
– besides enable toddler to be self-critical and to react with pride astatine their good deed and shame astatine their misbehavior
– permit them to correct themselves |
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terminus
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definition
| Recognizing themselves in the mirror between __ and __ months |
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condition
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definition
| All emotions, particularly _____ and ______, show some cultural as well as familial variation. |
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term
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definition
– coordination oregon interaction between baby and health professional
– each spouse give vocal and gesture cue to the early
– avail baby learn to learn other people ‘s emotion and to develop some of the basic skill of social interaction
– baby learn to express their own palpate |
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term
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definition
| the infant derives comfort and confidence form the caregiver; in this type of attachment, the caregiver acts as a safe base for exploration |
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condition
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definition
| little interaction with their caregiver and show no apparent distress when she leaves |
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term
| insecure-resistant/ambivalent |
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definition
| both resisting and seeking a contact; a inconsistent mixture of behavior toward their caregiver |
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term
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definition
| child tries to avoid any connection with another; as an infant who is uninterested in the caregiver’s presence or departure and ignores the caregiver on reunion |
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term
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definition
| it is neither secure nor insecure but is marked by the child’s and caregiver’s inconsistent behavior toward each other |
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| personality; social development |
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definition
| secure attachment aids both ________ and ________ |
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term
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definition
| Attachment does not necessarily determine future _____ development because attachment status can change, either for the better or worse. |
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term
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definition
| Infants are _____ partners in the attachment process, trying to find an adaptive response to the care they receive. |
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term
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definition
– when the emotional expression of others begin to assume new think of
– they look to trust adult for aroused discriminative stimulus inch changeable position
– this become inportant adenine crawl and walk increase baby ‘s mobility |
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– the mother be insensitive
– the day care quality be inadequate
– the baby be indium day care more than twenty hrs/wk |
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definition
| day care is detrimental only when… |
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terminus
– there constitute adequate attention to each baby
– there be encouragement of sensory-motor exploration and terminology growth
– there equal attention to health and safety
– there be well discipline and professional caregiver
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definition
| day care is high quality when… |
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